Matthew 11:25-30 - Come to Me, All Who Labor (14th Sunday of Ordinary Time, July 6, 2014)

Gospel:

At that time Jesus exclaimed: “I give praise to you, Father, Lord of heaven and earth, for although you have hidden these things from the wise and the learned you have revealed them to little ones. Yes, Father, such has been your gracious will.

All things have been handed over to me by my Father. No one knows the Son except the Father, and no one knows the Father except the Son and anyone to whom the Son wishes to reveal him.

Come to me, all you who labor and are burdened, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am meek and humble of heart; and you will find rest for yourselves. For my yoke is easy, and my burden light.”

Gospel Trivia:

We pray the "Our Father" so often that we do not realize the radical notion that Jesus introduced when He addressed God as "Father."  For Jesus, our relationship with God is a father-child relationship!

Heretofore, the Jews have known God to be "Lord," "King," "Judge," "the God of Abraham," the "Rock of Israel," "the Holy One."  But now, Jesus addresses God as "Father."  You can imagine how different is the relationship between king and subject compared to that of father and child.

No individual in the Old Testament and in the entire Jewish literature has addressed God as a father!

Not only that! The word used for "father" is a very familiar one.  The study of the original text of the gospel reveals that:

- when used in the verse "I give praise to you, Father," the Aramaic* word used is the formal way of addressing a father. (*Jesus language is Aramaic).

- but when used in the verse, "yes, Father, such has been your gracious will," the Aramaic word used is "abba."  "Abba" is translated to the less formal and familiar address of a father, roughly equivalent to "dad", "papa," or "tatay."

This explains the verse "my yoke is easy, and my burden light."  The Jews have been heavily burdened by the strict adherence to the laws of Moses.  In order to be holy, it is believed that one must study, understand and follow the law to the letter.  Most of the Jews were of course left out, because less than 5% of them could read.

Instead, Jesus offers the yoke of love and forgiveness.  The yoke is equally demanding, but this time it is not based on the academic understanding and literal interpretation of the law, but based on ones personal relationship with God and neighbor.

Reference:

- Nil Guillemette, SJ, A Kingdom for All (Makati: St. Paul's Publications), pp. 194-196.

Matthew 16:13-19 - Simon Renamed Peter (Feast of Saints Peter and Paul, June 29, 2014)

Gospel:

When Jesus went into the region of Caesarea Philippi he asked his disciples, “Who do people say that the Son of man is?” They replied, “Some say John the Baptist, others Elijah, still others Jeremiah or one of the prophets.”

He said to them, “But who do you say that I am?”

Simon Peter said in reply, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.” Jesus said to him in reply, “Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah. For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my heavenly Father. And so I say to you, you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of the netherworld shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys to the Kingdom of heaven. Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.”

Gospel Trivia:

This particular passage is considered as the "turning point" or "hinge" in Matthew's gospel.  It contains a declaration by the disciples of who Jesus is and, in turn, the appointment of one of the disciples as their leader.  Jesus is declared as the "Son of God".  Yet, in the chapters that follow, Jesus will talk more and more about his suffering, humiliation, and death.  Such a contrast: from being declared as the "Christ and Son of the God" to a Suffering Servant.  

How do we interpret the significance of the various personalities and "titles" attributed to Jesus?

- "Christ" - it is not Jesus' last name.  The "christ" is the Greek translation of the Hebrew word "messiah".  The messiah is the savior or liberator of the people, and is the person chosen or anointed by God to do this task.  The messiah is expected to be likely a "king" because he is the leader of the people, and kings are anointed with holy oil.  This king or messiah will rule the united tribes of Israel after liberating them from the rule of foreign oppressors which, during the time of Jesus, were the Romans.

- "Son of God" - can refer to the divinity of Jesus, but is also another term used by Hebrews to refer to a "messiah."  Biblical scholars believe that when used by Matthew, this title refers to either or both meanings.

- "John the Baptist," "Elijah," "Jeremiah" - some believed that Jesus is the reincarnation of these powerful personalities in Jewish history.  These references indicate that Jesus was at least regarded as a prophet -- one who speaks in behalf of God and communicates his message (and not necessarily one who foretells the future).

Based on this authority, Jesus appoints Peter as the head of the church by giving him the "keys", which is a symbol of authority.  The word "church" refers to an assembly or local group of believers which, at that time, refers to the band of disciples following Jesus.  This movement would grow rapidly from initially a Jewish community to what we now acknowledge as the Catholic Church.

Reflecting on this gospel, it is humbling to note that building God's Kingdom depended not on authority and power but on humility and service.

Other Trivia:

In this gospel, the title "Son of Man" is used by Jesus to refer to himself.  Among biblical scholars, it is one of the most widely debated and confusing title applied to Jesus.  This debate includes whether Jesus used the title himself, or is it a title that the evangelists applied to Jesus afterwards when they wrote the gospels.  Here are some their views:

a. Jesus used the title in a general sense, to refer to himself as a member of humankind.  Thus, the verse above would read, "Who do people say this 'member of the human race' is?"

b. The gospel writers used it to refer to Jesus' role at the "end times" similar to the vision of Daniel in Daniel 7:13, "As the visions during the night continued, I saw one like a son of man coming, on the clouds of heaven."

c. Jesus used the title himself in a "paradoxical way as the lowly and disreputable messenger of the powerful Kingdom of God."  If I were to paraphrase this, it is as if Jesus said, "You expect the Kingdom of God to come through the power and authority of a militant king; but here I am, a person who eat with the poor and lowly, who will teach you the real meaning of God's Kingdom."

References:

- Nil Guillemette, SJ, A Kingdom for All (Makati: St. Paul's Publications), pp. 213-216.

- Raymond E. Brown et al.  The New Jerome Biblical Commentary, pp. 1324-1325.

Solemnity of Corpus Christi - Supplementary Commentary: What Happens During Consecration?

(c) AnonMoos at Wikipedia Commons

What happens during consecration?

Our Lord Jesus Christ is really present in the Eucharistic celebration in many ways: in the assembly, in the person of the priest celebrant, in the reading of the Word, and most especially under the Eucharistic species of bread and wine.

But what does it mean when we say that the bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of Christ? We know that the bread and wine still looks, tastes, and smells like bread and wine. Do the bread and wine merely symbolize the body and blood of Christ (as non Catholic Christians believe), and that we should imagine that these are now Christ’s body and blood? The answer is no; the bread and wine do become the body and blood of Christ. If so, then does it mean that we are like cannibals that eat flesh and blood?

I hope this article will help you understand what happens during consecration, and be able to explain it to others.

The different ways that things change

First, let’s open our minds to the different ways that things change. We know that water can change from solid (ice) to liquid to gas. But it is still H2O. In other words, the outside form changes, but the invisible components of hydrogen and oxygen remain the same.

Another kind of change is when the outside form remains the same, but the inside (or invisible) changes. In philosophical terms, this is referred to as trans-substantiation, which is the term that our Church uses to explain the change that happens in consecration. In philosophical terms, the outside form is referred to as the “accidents” and the internal elements as “essence” or “substance.” In this way of explaining, the accidents (externals) of bread and wine do not change but the essence of its reality is no longer just bread and wine, but the body and blood of Christ.

What do we mean by the “body and blood of Christ”?

The “body and blood” of Christ is our way of saying the total person of Christ. Thus, we do not refer to the bread being “just the body” and the wine as “just the blood” of Christ. Both species, that is the bread and wine, contain the whole personal presence of our Lord.

However, the “body and blood” of Christ present in the bread and wine is NOT the physical body of Christ, but his glorified and Resurrected body. This points us to yet another kind of change.

The third kind is that of total transformation, where everything (both the inside and outside) changes. This is how we look at what happened to Jesus in his Resurrection.

What happened in the Resurrection?

An understanding of the Resurrection will help us understand what happens during consecration.

We regard the Resurrection of Jesus as not just resuscitation (as in the case of Lazarus, who eventually died), but that of transformation (Jesus lives forever). Resurrection refers not just to a physically risen Jesus, but to a spiritually Risen Jesus.

Our Risen Lord was no longer bound by time and space. He could walk through walls. In the account of the “doubting Thomas” in John 20:19-29, the evangelist emphasizes by saying twice that “the doors were locked,” and yet Jesus suddenly appeared to them.

In the story of the two men on the way to Emmaus in Luke 24:1-53, we learn other aspects about our Risen Lord. We know that the tomb was empty and so his body rose and changed (24:12). His body changed because when Jesus appeared to the two men on the road to Emmaus, he was not readily recognizable (24:32), and yet he could be seen and touched, and he ate bread and fish. We also know that he was recognized when he started to talk about the Scriptures and when they broke bread (24:35), and that this encounter with him brought about much excitement and joy (24:33 and 41).

I’m afraid that is as much as we can know about Jesus Resurrected presence. (The disciples did not have a video camera then, so they could not be any more helpful). But one thing we do know, Jesus was not just resuscitated; he was transformed to a glorious presence.

The close analogy I can think of is that of a caterpillar that is transformed to a butterfly. It changes to something totally new.

The Resurrection and Consecration

During the consecration, we believe that the bread and wine changes into the “body and blood” of Christ, but NOT his physical body/blood but to his glorified, resurrected, and spiritually risen body/blood. (Again, think of body/blood as “total person”)

This is the same glorified, resurrected, and spiritually risen Jesus that is present “whenever we pray and there are two or three gathered in his name.” But we regard his presence in a very special way in the blessed Sacrament.

The different ways one or something can be present

Finally, I’d like you to be aware of how one or something can be present. There is the physical kind of presence, just as a computer is proximately near me as I type this article. Someone can also be next to me and be just physically present but his or her mind is somewhere else.

There is also the personal kind of presence where a person is present to another through sharing of knowledge, affection and love. It is this kind of presence that we refer to when we say that Jesus is present in the bread and wine.

The Church wants us to avoid two extremes in explaining the presence of Jesus in the eucharist:

- a crude, materialistic understanding of the change of bread and wine into Christ’s earthly “flesh and blood” which would make communicants equivalent to cannibals, and

- the opposite extreme of a merely symbolic interpretation of the change, which would reject the real eating and drinking of the Lord.

Implications in our daily life

We believe that Jesus (in his glorified, Resurrected and spiritual presence) is everywhere. Jesus is present when “two or three are gathered in his name,” when we perform works of mercy, when we preach the Word of God, and most effectively, when we celebrate the Eucharist.

We become intimately united with him when we receive him in communion. Christ is in us. We know we will share in this glorified, Resurrected and spiritual presence one day.

But we need not wait until that day. We live the way we live because Jesus himself is already in us.

In a little while the world will no longer see me, but you will see me, because I live and you will live. On that day you will realize that I am in my Father and you are in me and I in you.  Whoever has my commandments and observes them is the one who loves me. And whoever loves me will be loved by my Father, and I will love him and reveal myself to him.” (John 14:19-21)


Sources:
- Catechism for Filipino Catholics (CFC)
- Catechism of the Catholic Church
- Patambang, Myra A., Salibay, Esteban T., Jr., and Valera, Felinore Angelica H. Sacraments, Marriage And Family Life. Manila: Navotas Press, 2001.

John 6:51-58 - Solemnity of the Body and Blood of Jesus (June 22, 2014)

Gospel:

Jesus said to the Jewish crowds: “I am the living bread that came down from heaven. Whoever eats this bread will live forever; and the bread that I will give is my flesh for the life of the world.”

The Jews quarreled among themselves, saying, “How can this man give us his flesh to eat?” Jesus said to them, “Amen, amen, I say to you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you do not have life within you.

Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life, and I will raise him on the last day. For my flesh is true food, and my blood is true drink. Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood remains in me and I in him.

Just as the living Father sent me and I have life because of the Father, so also the one who feeds on me will have life because of me. This is the bread that came down from heaven. Unlike your ancestors who ate and still died, whoever eats this bread will live forever.”

Gospel Trivia:

You might have the same question asked by the Jews: "How can this man give us his flesh to eat?"  Firstly, it should be recalled that the gospels were written several decades after the life, death and resurrection of Jesus.  Specifically, John's gospel was written sometime between 90-110 AD.  Jesus was long gone (in the physical sense).  

However, he continues to be present among the disciples NOT physically, but spiritually through His Eucharistic presence when Christians gathered together in "prayers and breaking of bread" (which is how the Mass was referred to at that time).  This passage then is one occasion of emphasizing that the presence of Jesus is real in the bread and wine.  

(Click here if you want to read more about what happens during consecration and the presence of Jesus in the consecrated bread and wine).

Secondly, the phrase "flesh and blood" is a Hebrew idiom for the whole person, conveying that the union between Jesus (who is present in the bread and wine) and his disciples (who "drinks and eats" them) is not just a sacramental union but also a personal union.

In this particular passage, however, the main message is not so much the real presence of Jesus in the bread and wine.

The key message is his IMMANENT presence among his disciples.

The key verse in this gospel is John 6:56: Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood REMAINS -- or "ABIDES" -- in me and I in him.  The verb "abides" is one of John's favorite words and used it 40 times in his gospel (compared to three in Matthew, two in Mark and seven in Luke).

It suggests that two beings achieve the closest possible union without either person losing his personality.  John emphasizes that Jesus is IN his disciples and the disciples are IN Jesus.  Thus, the phrase "eating and drinking" captures this point vividly -- WE BECOME WHO WE "EAT".

Sources:

- Nil Guillemette, SJ, Hungry No More (Manila: St. Paul's Publications, 1989), pp. 90-101.

- James McPolin, SJ, John (Manila: Daughters of St. Paul), pp. 106-107.

John 3:16-18 - Jesus and Nicodemus (Trinity Sunday, June 15, 2014)

The concept of the Trinity is complicated enough,
which may be further complicated by a visual.

This aims to explain this "central mystery of the Christian faith," a mystery not too many Catholics understand, much less able to explain to others.  

But before you start reading, I suggest you get a cup of coffee and a comfortable chair because this is not an easy read, but may be worthwhile in trying to understand what "three persons in one God" means.

Can you explain the Holy Trinity to others?

The mystery of the Holy Trinity “is the most fundamental and essential teaching in the hierarchy of the truths of faith” (CCC 234).  How would you explain this mystery to a Muslim, for example?  

When asked by our fellow Christians, our response is usually “it means there are three persons in one God.”  When probed what exactly that means, we are likely to say “I can’t really explain that, that’s why it’s a mystery.”

There are religions who recognize their God as creator of all things and source of all life.  But these religions depict their God as “one-person.”  Unlike this “one person” concept of God, the God revealed to us (by God himself) is a God who is Trinitarian, i.e. “three persons in one God.”  

Our God is a communicating God.  God wants to make Himself known to us.  God does not want to be mysterious and unknown.  On the contrary, God knows that when we truly know him, we will fall in love with him.  Thus, the whole Bible is about how God continually communicates himself to us.

So how does God reveal himself?

Answer: God first revealed himself as Yahweh.

Very early in the bible, there was a point when God communicated to men and women the name by which he wanted to be known: Yahweh.  It means “I am who am.”  In Tagalog, it could translate to “A, basta.  Ako si ako.”  It means  that God is simply being, being in its fullness, or unlimited being.

Biblical scholars who study the nuances of language believe that the more accurate translation of Yahweh is “I am who will show myself to be by the actions, which I will do on your behalf.”  This translation suggests two things:

- God wants to be known progressively, not in a one time kind revelation.  This means that the God of the Old Testament must be known also through what is revealed by God in the New Testament.

- Secondly, the translation suggests that God will be known by the actions that he will do for his people.


What do we know about who God is and the nature of God based on the actions that God has done?

- God liberates the Jews from slavery.  The Jews could not help but marvel at what Yahweh has done.  Imagine, they were previously a bunch of slaves oppressed by the Pharaoh king of Egypt; and they became a people with their own king and land!

- However, the Israelites frequently disobeyed and turned away from Yahweh many times in their history as a nation.  They would worship other gods, commit acts of injustice to their own people especially the poor, widow and orphans, and disobey the laws given to Moses.  But despite all these, Yahweh never gave up on them.

Through these actions, Yahweh became known not just as a powerful God, but a God “abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness.”  His justice is tempered with mercy.  It is not a vindictive kind of justice, but a saving kind of justice.  

The people would backslide, yet Yahweh never gives up on the sinner.  “For a brief moment I have abandoned you, but with great tenderness I will gather my people.  For a moment, in an outburst of anger, I hid my face from you, but with everlasting love I have had mercy on you, says Yahweh, our Redeemer.” (Isaiah 54:7-8)

The disobedience continued; but Yahweh’s persistent love also prevailed. Then, one day Yahweh did the most unexpected and undreamed of action of all time.  Yahweh no longer spoke through signs, but through a Son, Jesus of Nazareth.

“God has spoken in the past to our ancestors through the prophets, in many different ways, although never completely; but in our times he has spoken definitively to us through his Son.”  (Hebrews 1:1-2)

What did the words and actions of Jesus reveal about who God is?

In his ministry, Jesus speaks of Yahweh in a very unusual way. He calls Yahweh: “Father.”  This is a radical idea since this invokes an intimate relationship with God, something akin to the relationship of father and child, and not king and subjects as the Jews were used to.  In fact, Jesus says that we should use the word “abba,” which is the way a little child endearingly calls its father.  Throughout his life, Jesus speaks and acts in a way which suggests a personal and intimate relationship with God as Father.

Jesus also reveals the Spirit of God which came down upon him during baptism.  He promises the Spirit to his disciples at the Last Supper, saying that the Father will send him, and that he (Jesus) himself will send him (John 14:16-17, 25; 15:26; 16:7-14).    But the Spirit is given only after Jesus has been glorified (John 7:39).  Then Jesus gives the Spirit on the day of the Resurrection to the disciples, “Receive the Holy Spirit” (John 20:22).  And in Pentecost, there is the outpouring of the Spirit to Mary and the disciples gathered in the upper room.

Through the words and actions of Jesus, the name of God has changed.  It is no longer “Yahweh,” (the God who will reveal who he is through the actions he will do for his people).  After God becomes man in the person of Jesus, and the sending of the Holy Spirit in Pentecost, God’s name is now: “Father, Son and Holy Spirit.”

So what is the Holy Trinity?

Through his actions and words, we now know that God has a Son, who was with him in the beginning, and who was God like him.  It is this Son who became flesh and lived among us.  God does not only have a Son, but also a Spirit.  This Spirit is the one who pours out the love of God into our hearts (Romans 5:5).  


Can you tell us more about the Holy Spirit?  I don’t have a mental picture of the Holy Spirit, unlike the Father and the Son.

This Spirit is not the Father nor the Son but is sent by them both not as another spirit like an angel, but as their common Spirit, and thus God like them.  

The Spirit is first of all, a spirit and is a person.  He does not have a material body, and yet he is someone.  He is someone who performs spiritual functions, acts of the intellect, for example.  Christ said that the Spirit would lead the disciples to all the truth (John 16:12), that the Spirit would also bear witness regarding him (John 15:26), and would speak for the disciples when they faced the tribunals (Matthew 10:19-20).  

The Holy Spirit is Love in Person.  It is because he is Love in person that the Holy Spirit can pour forth into our hearts the love of God when he is given as gift to us. (Romans 5:5)

(My own mental picture of the Holy Spirit is a “spiritual presence” who is with me wherever I go).

So God changed his name from Yahweh to the Holy Trinity?

Yes, the name of God is now Father, Son and Holy Spirit.  It is in that name we are baptized.  We enter into the life of one God-Community of Persons.

In other words, the one God really exists as Father, Son and Holy Spirit.  From all eternity God is a Trinity of Persons, but this truth was revealed only through the sending of Jesus Christ and of the Holy Spirit.  So in God, there is one What and three Who’s. 


What is the implication of the Holy Trinity in my life?

The fact that now we are told by God through Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit, that God is a communion of Persons bonded together by love, means that we human begins are called to live in a communion of love with each other.

Reference:


The two main sources used in this article are the Catechism of the Catholic Church (or CCC) and the book of Bishop Teodoro Bacani entitled From Yahweh to the Trinity (Manila: Gift of God Publications, undated).  In many parts of my article, I quoted complete sentences verbatim from Bishop Ted’s book without citing them in footnotes.  I am hoping that this citation will suffice in acknowledging his ideas).

Gospel:

For God so loved the world that he gave his only Son, so that everyone who believes in him might no perish but might have eternal life.  For God did not send his Son into the world to condemn the world, but that the world might e saved through him.  Whoever believes in him will not be condemned, but whoever does not believe has already been condemned, because he has not believed in the name of the only Son of God.

John 20:19-23 Pentecost (Pentecost Sunday, June 8, 2014)

Gospel:

On the evening of that first day of the week, when the doors were locked, where the disciples were, for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood in their midst and said to them, “Peace be with you.” When he had said this, he showed them his hands and his side. The disciples rejoiced when they saw the Lord.

Jesus said to them again, “Peace be with you. As the Father has sent me, so I send you.” And when he had said this, he breathed on them and said to them, “Receive the Holy Spirit. Whose sins you forgive are forgiven them, and whose sins you retain are retained.”

Gospel Trivia:

This gospel account for Pentecost Sunday does not jive with what we recall as the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the disciples.  It was supposed to have happened fifty days after the Resurrection when the disciples were gathered in the upper room. The latter account is actually this Sunday's SECOND reading (Acts 2:1-11).

Yet, in today's Gospel, Jesus breathes on the disciples and says, "Receive the Holy Spirit" and this took place on the night of Easter Sunday.

Is there a conflict in the recording of the events?  Or are these two events: one is the sending of the Holy Spirit right after the Resurrection (according to John's gospel), and another time when the disciples were in the upper room (according to the Acts of the Apostles, written by Luke)?

Biblical scholars interpret these as the same event, but reflect two different theological perspectives of the two authors.  (Recall that in last Sunday's gospel, we pointed that Matthew's account of the Ascension does NOT mention anything about Jesus ascending to heaven; and that is because of the different intended message of Matthew's gospel).

What, then, is John's intended message in his gospel account of the sending of the Holy Spirit?  There are three:

- The coming of the Holy Spirit marks a new creation.  Jesus BREATHES on the disciples as he says, "Receive the Holy Spirit."  The word used for "breathes" is reminiscent of the creation of humankind in Genesis: "The Lord God formed man out of the clay of the ground and BLEW into his nostrils the BREATH of life, and so man became a living being." (Genesis 2:7).  Soon, Jesus will disappear physically; but his presence remains with the disciples through the Spirit that will guide them in their mission of proclaiming a new way of life and relationship with God.

- The Holy Spirit brings peace.  "Peace be with you" is the traditional Jewish greeting.  In this account, Jesus says this greeting twice; thus, the close association between the Spirit and the peace that it brings.

- The sending of the Holy Spirit coincides with the sending of the disciples.  "As the Father has sent me, so I send you," Jesus says.  The disciples' mission is a continuation of Jesus' mission and, and they will be accompanied by Jesus' continuing presence in the Spirit.  It will bring them sustenance and peace despite the travails and trials they will face.

Reference:

*Nil Guillemette, SJ, Hungry No More (Manila: St. Paul's Publications, 1989), pp. 255-259.

Matthew 28:16-20 - The Ascension (Ascension Sunday, June 1, 2014)

There is a major difference between Matthew's account of the Ascension compared to that of Mark and Luke.  In Matthew, there is no mention of Jesus being "taken up to heaven."  (John, on the other hand, does not have an Ascension account).

This is not an inconsistency of facts, but a difference in the message that Matthew wishes to emphasize in his gospel.  For Matthew, Jesus already "ascended" from the shame of his inglorious death when Jesus resurrected.  The key messages at the end of his gospel are now the following:  

1. Jesus comes TO his church - he is no longer present physically, and rather than emphasize His "going up to heaven", Matthew reassures the disciples that Jesus will continue to be present until the end of ages.

2. The disciples must continue the mission - Jesus commands them to GO, but also provides them the resources because "all the power in heaven and on earth" are now behind this command.

3. The mission consists of three things:

- it is to "all nations", not just to Jews and Israel;

- it is through the "baptism of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit", not through the Jewish circumcision;

- it is based on the "commands" of Jesus, and not just literally following the Mosaic laws (which the Pharisees have used to reduce righteousness to simply following rules and practices).

Other Trivia:

It is interesting that Matthew does not mention the mountain where Jesus meets his disciples for the last time.  The biblical "mountain" represents God's presence and revelation: it is in the mountain where Jesus conquers Satan during the temptation, where He preaches the sermon on the mount, and where He feeds the 5,000.

Reference:

- Nil Guillemette, SJ, A Kingdom for All (Makati: St. Paul's Publications), pp. 256-258.

-----

Matthew 28:16-20

The eleven disciples went to Galilee, to the mountain to which Jesus had ordered them. When they saw him, they worshiped, but they doubted. Then Jesus approached and said to them, “All power in heaven and on earth has been given to me. Go, therefore, and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, until the end of the age.”

John 14:15-21 The Promise of an Advocate (6th Sunday of Easter, May 25, 2014)

The Holy Trinity was established as dogma of our Church only at the Council of Nicea in 325 AD, a couple of centuries after the time of Jesus.

This Sunday's gospel is one of the Scriptural basis of this dogma.  It is part of the "farewell discourse" of Jesus during the Last Supper when Jesus assures his disciples that He will continue to be with them -- not physically, but in a more profound and spiritual way.

There are three promises made in the gospel passage: 

1. The sending of the Spirit - The spirit is referred to as an "advocate" which is a legalese term referring to a "resource person" who is called at the side of an accused to help the latter in his defense.  The disciples were anxious and fearful; Jesus reassures them that His presence will continue but now in the form of the Spirit.

2. The return of Jesus - This does not necessarily mean the physical return of Jesus but the return of His presence in a more profound way through an "indwelling" in his disciples: "He (referring to the Spirit) remains with you and will be in you."  Further,  the verse "you will see me" refers to a spiritual vision made possible by the eyes of faith.  

The continuing presence of Jesus (this time through the Spirit) demands the continuing presence of a love relationship with Jesus and with one another.  This kind of love is not just a feeling, but an active kind of love based on carrying out Jesus message and His commandments.

3. Jesus' unity with the Father - The evangelist John reenforces a common theme in his gospel -- that Jesus and the Father are one, and that they "act" together.  Loving Jesus is loving the Father, which results to the love of the Father bestowed upon them.


Want to know more about the Holy Trinity and how to explain it to others?  Click here.

Other Trivia:

- During biblical times, the word "orphans" is also used to refer to disciples whose master has died.

References:

- Nil Guillemette, SJ, Hungry No More (Makati: St. Paul's Publications, 1989), pp. 191-194.

- James McPolin, SJ, John (Pasay: Daughters of St. Paul, 1988), pp. 199-201.

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John 14:15-21

Jesus said to his disciples: “If you love me, you will keep my commandments. And I will ask the Father, and he will give you another Advocate to be with you always – the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot accept, because it neither sees nor knows him. But you know him, because he remains with you, and will be in you.

I will not leave you orphans; I will come to you. In a little while the world will no longer see me, but you will see me, because I live and you will live. On that day you will realize that I am in my Father and you are in me and I in you.

Whoever has my commandments and observes them is the one who loves me. And whoever loves me will be loved by my Father, and I will love him and reveal myself to him.”

John 14:1-12 - I am the Way, the Truth, and the Life (Fifth Sunday After Easter, May 18, 2014)

(c) Sten Porse, CC-BY 3

This gospel passage takes place during the Last Supper.  The disciples are anxious because Jesus, just a few verse earlier was saying goodbye: "My children, I will be with you only a little while longer" (John 13:33).  The disciples were probably also wondering what would happen when Jesus leaves.  The evangelist John makes use of this scenario to expound on the theology of who Jesus is vis-a-vis who God is, in the following verses:

1. "Whoever has seen me has seen the Father" (14:9) - God who is incomprehensible and invisible has become understandable in the life, words and works of a physical human being -- Jesus Christ.  How can God better communicate who God is but through someone in real flesh and blood, and actually talked and walked on earth?

We all talk to our dogs through "dog commands."  My wife would, for example, say: "Pepper, make peepee outside."  Somehow, after many repetitions, Pepper would figure that (what sounded to it as a series of gibberish sounds) means that she has to go outside to do her thing.  But we all know that Pepper didn't understand the English and partly understood the gibberish.  If my wife wanted to be fully understood by Pepper, she would have to, well, speak in "dog language" (which would be difficult, if not impossible).

It is the same with God.  Prior to Jesus, God (or Yahweh) spoke to us INDIRECTLY -- through thunder and lightning, the prophets, and the events that happened to the Jewish people.  God was speaking to us through "divine language" which we sometimes partly understood, or misunderstood.  To fully communicate with us unmistakably, God became like one of us through Jesus, so that God can now speak with us through human language, and through the life of someone just like us.

So, if you want to know who (or what) God is, know Jesus.

2. "I am the way, the truth and the life" (14:6).  - During the last supper, the disciples were probably asking what will happen to their cause to overthrow the Romans; and who will take Jesus' place as the messiah from the oppressive colonialists.  Jesus, instead, provides the answers to the theological questions in their hearts and minds: what happens after life, what do I do in this life, what can I do to be with God.

Jesus answers by saying:

- there are "many houses", i.e. there is room for everyone, the Kingdom of God is meant to include as many as possible.

- "I am the way, the truth, and the life" - The way to the Father is not an esoteric secret; it is simply Jesus' message of love, forgiveness and prayer.  This is because the life of Jesus reflects the fullness of revelation (truth) and the fullness of what living is all about (life).

- "Whoever believes in me will do the works that I do, and will do GREATER ONES THAN THESE."  Wow, isn't that something?  Jesus says that we will do greater things than He did.  This is possible so long as Jesus lives among us and is the guiding principle behind what we do.

Reference:

- Nil Guillemette, SJ, Hungry No More (Makati: St. Paul's Publications, 1989), pp. 185-189.

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John 14:1-12

Jesus said to his disciples: “Do not let your hearts be troubled. You have faith in God; have faith also in me. In my Father’s house there are many dwelling places. If there were not, would I have told you that I am going to prepare a place for you? And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come back again and take you to myself, so that where I am you also may be. Where I am going, you know the way.”

Thomas said to him, “Master, we do not know where you are going; how can we know the way?” Jesus said to him, “I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me. If you know me, then you will also know my Father. From now on, you do know him and have seen him.”

Philip said to him, “Master, show us the Father, and that will be enough for us.” Jesus said to him, “Have I been with you for so long a time and you still do not know me, Philip? Whoever has seen me has seen the Father. How can you say, ‘Show us the Father’? Do you not believe that I am in the Father and the Father is in me? The words that I speak to you I do not speak on my own. The Father who dwells in me is doing his works. Believe me that I am in the Father and the Father is in me, or else, believe because of the works themselves. Amen, amen, I say to you, whoever believes in me will do the works that I do, and will do greater ones than these, because I am going to the Father.”

John 10:1-10 - Good Shepherd Sunday (May 11, 2014)

The following trivia would help us better understand the message of this very familiar gospel passage.

Photo by Jim Barton

1. What is a sheepfold? - It is an animal pen usually circular or rectangular.  It may be located near a village or far from it along a hillside.  It may or may not have a gate.  At the end of the day, several shepherds would keep their sheep inside the sheepfold. The following day, the shepherds will take turns in entering the pen and would make their peculiar cry, recognizable to their sheep, to collect his flock.  He would touch each of his sheep with his staff as it goes out as a way of counting them.

In the gospel, Jesus compares himself as both the shepherd AND the gate.  When a sheepfold does not have a gate, the shepherds will line themselves along the opening during the night, to alert themselves in case one of the sheep wanders out.

2. Calling each sheep by name - This was practiced by the shepherd and would call the main animals of his flock by certain names such as "big ear," "brown leg," "long tail," etc.  It is unlikely that all of the sheep would be named.  

For the shepherd, the sheep is the source of milk, cheese, meat and clothing.  Beyond these benefits, the shepherd became close to the flock as they are together most of the day.  The naming of the sheep suggests this relationship.

3. To whom was Jesus directing this story? - If you turn to the bible, you will note that this passage follows right after the story of the man born blind (click here), and in that story, Jesus was talking to the Pharisees.  Since there is no transition, we can assume that Jesus was also talking to the Pharisees.

This passage then presents the contrast between Jesus, the good shepherd, that cares for the sheep and has a personal relationship with them; and the religious leaders at that time that used their position to take advantage of the people.  Jesus emphasized love, forgiveness, and genuine prayer; the Pharisees reduced the relationship with God into simply following a set of laws, rules, and practices.  The true shepherd is personal; the Pharisees saw the people as the masses.

Reference:

- Nil Guillemette, SJ, Hungry No More (Makati: St. Paul's Publications, 1989), 128-134.

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John 10:1-10

Jesus said: “Amen, amen, I say to you, whoever does not enter a sheepfold through the gate but climbs over elsewhere is a thief and a robber. But whoever enters through the gate is the shepherd of the sheep. The gatekeeper opens it for him, and the sheep hear his voice, as the shepherd calls his own sheep by name and leads them out. When he has driven out all his own, he walks ahead of them, and the sheep follow him, because they recognize his voice. But they will not follow a stranger; they will run away from him, because they do not recognize the voice of strangers.”

Although Jesus used this figure of speech, the Pharisees did not realize what he was trying to tell them.

So Jesus said again, “Amen, amen, I say to you, I am the gate for the sheep. All who came before me are thieves and robbers, but the sheep did not listen to them. I am the gate. Whoever enters through me will be saved, and will come in and go out and find pasture.

A thief comes only to steal and slaughter and destroy; I came so that they might have life and have it more abundantly.”

Luke 24:13-25 - The Disciples on the Way to Emmaus (3rd Sunday of Easter, May 4, 2014)

The significance of this gospel passage is reflected in the following notes:

- The encounter is between Jesus and ordinary disciples, and not with the Eleven apostles.  From the story, it appears that these disciples have given up on Jesus -- they thought he was the Messiah, but since nothing happened after his crucifixion, it now seems they should continue waiting for someone else.  They were now walking AWAY, but note that after the encounter with Jesus, they travelled BACK to Jerusalem.

- The crucifixion is such a despicable way to die.  Imagine your hoped-to-be leader and messiah being sent to die in the electric chair; death by crucifixion is a lot more ignoble than that.  Jesus relates the crucifixion with the Old Testament themes of the Suffering Servant and the rejected prophet.  Suddenly, it makes sense to them: that the messiah is not one that will liberate them militarily but a more profound redeemer of humanity.

- The storyline follows the eucharistic liturgy: Jesus explains the crucifixion in the context of Scriptures (Liturgy of the Word), and then breaks bread with them (Liturgy of the Eucharist). 

- Finally, note that after the disciples finally realized who the stranger is, Jesus vanishes from them.

The gospel passage reassures the early Christian communities (and us today) that Jesus will continue to be present, but no longer in a physical way.  One encounters him, in faith, most especially in the Eucharist: in the scriptures and in the breaking of the bread.

Other Trivia:

- The Emmaus story is found only in the gospel of Luke, and is consistent with themes that are important for this evangelist such as sharing a meal and extending hospitality to strangers.

- Where exactly is Emmaus?  See area in map marked RED.

Sources:

- Nil Guillemette, SJ, A Kingdom for All (Makati: St. Paul's Publications), pp. 394-395


- Raymond E. Brown et al (eds), The New Jerome Biblical 
Commentary (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1990), 721.

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Luke 24:13-25

That very day, the first day of the week, two of Jesus’ disciples were going to a village seven miles from Jerusalem called Emmaus, and they were conversing about all the things that had occurred.

And it happened that while they were conversing and debating, Jesus himself drew near and walked with them, but their eyes were prevented from recognizing him. He asked them, “What are you discussing as you walk along?”

They stopped, looking downcast. One of them, named Cleopas, said to him in reply, “Are you the only visitor to Jerusalem who does not know of the things that have taken place there in these days?”

And he replied to them, “What sort of things?” They said to him, “The things that happened to Jesus the Nazarene, who was a prophet mighty in deed and word before God and all the people, how our chief priests and rulers both handed him over to a sentence of death and crucified him. But we were hoping that he would be the one to redeem Israel. Besides all this, it is now the third day since this took place. Some women from our group, however, have astounded us: they were at the tomb early in the morning and did not find his body; they came back and reported that they had indeed seen a vision of angels who announced that he was alive. Then some of those with us went to the tomb and found things just as the women had described, but him they did not see.”

And he said to them, “Oh, how foolish you are! How slow of heart to believe all that the prophets spoke! Was it not necessary that the Christ should suffer these things and enter into his glory?” Then beginning with Moses and all the prophets, he interpreted to them what referred to him in all the Scriptures.

As they approached the village to which they were going, Jesus gave the impression that he was going on farther. But they urged him: “Stay with us, for it is nearly evening and the day is almost over.” So he went in to stay with them. And it happened that, while he was with them at table, he took bread, said the blessing, broke it, and gave it to them. With that, their eyes were opened and they recognized him, but he vanished from their sight.

Then they said to each other, “Were not our hearts burning within us while he spoke to us on the way and opened the Scriptures to us?” So they set out at once and returned to Jerusalem where they found gathered together the Eleven and those with them who were saying, “The Lord has truly been raised and has appeared to Simon!” Then the two recounted what had taken place on the way and how he was made known to them in the breaking of bread.

John 20:19-31 - Doubting Thomas (Second Sunday of Easter, April 27, 2014)

The story of the doubting Thomas is a familiar one.  The following notes may help appreciate the impact of this message to the early Christian communities:

- Among the four gospels, the one by John was the last to be written, estimated to be between 90-110 AD.  Note that the gospels were written for evangelization, and John's was written for Jewish Christians (i.e. those who converted from Judaism), as well as for those who were non-Jews (mainly, Ephesians) who converted to Christianity.  You can imagine therefore that there were some skepticism encountered by the evangelist regarding the Resurrection of Jesus.  The gospel writer was an eyewitness to Jesus' resurrection, but his audience were not.

- Thus, John emphasizes the significance of believing without seeing by juxtaposing the following passages:

John 20:8 - John arrives at the tomb and sees and believes.

John 20:20 - Jesus shows himself to the disciples and they see and believe.

John 20:27 - Jesus shows himself to Thomas, and he sees and believes.

Finally, Jesus says: "Blessed are those who have NOT seen and have believed." (John 20:29)

- Thomas' belief results to his declaration: "My Lord and my God."  The word "lord" is translated from the original Hebrew word "Elohim" which is used to address Yahweh in the Old Testament.  Until then, no one in the gospel of John uses this title for Jesus.  

Of all the titles given to Jesus (Rabbi, Messiah, Prophet, King of Israel, Son of God, etc.), this is the most sublime because it uses the very language by which Israel addressed Yahweh.*

John emphasizes that our faith, yours and mine, are stronger than those of the disciples as we have come to believe through the power of the Spirit and the presence of Jesus through His Church.

Other Trivia: 

- Note that there is no mention in the gospel that Thomas ACTUALLY touched Jesus -- he only saw, and then believed.

Source:

*Nil Guillemette, SJ, Hungry No More (Manila: St. Paul's Publications, 1989), p. 265

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On the evening of that first day of the week, when the doors were locked, where the disciples were, for fear of the Jews, Jesus came and stood in their midst and said to them, “Peace be with you.” When he had said this, he showed them his hands and his side. The disciples rejoiced when they saw the Lord. Jesus said to them again, “Peace be with you. As the Father has sent me, so I send you.”
And when he had said this, he breathed on them and said to them, “Receive the Holy Spirit. Whose sins you forgive are forgiven them, and whose sins you retain are retained.”

Thomas, called Didymus, one of the Twelve, was not with them when Jesus came. So the other disciples said to him, “We have seen the Lord.” But he said to them, “Unless I see the mark of the nails in his hands and put my finger into the nailmarks and put my hand into his side, I will not believe.”

Now a week later his disciples were again inside and Thomas was with them. Jesus came, although the doors were locked, and stood in their midst and said, “Peace be with you.” Then he said to Thomas, “Put your finger here and see my hands, and bring your hand and put it into my side, and do not be unbelieving, but believe.” Thomas answered and said to him, “My Lord and my God!” Jesus said to him, “Have you come to believe because you have seen me? Blessed are those who have not seen and have believed.”

Now, Jesus did many other signs in the presence of his disciples that are not written in this book. But these are written that you may come to believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that through this belief you may have life in his name.

Easter Sunday: What Happened In the Resurrection? (April 20, 2014)

There are two hypotheses on why Jesus' tomb was found empty: either Jesus' body was stolen by grave robbers (which were prevalent at that time), or by his disciples.  A trivia in today's Gospel dispels both:

"When Simon Peter arrived after him, he went into the tomb and saw the burial cloths there, and the cloth that had covered his head, not with the burial cloths but rolled up in a separate place." (John 20:6-8) 

Grave robbers would not have taken the time to unwrap the burial cloths and roll it neatly.  His disciples, on the other hand, would not have removed the cloths at all.

What happened in the Resurrection?

The Resurrection of Jesus is not just a resuscitation (as in the case of Lazarus, who eventually died), but that of transformation (Jesus lives forever).  

Resurrection refers not only to a physically risen Jesus, but to a spiritually Risen Jesus.

What can we learn from the Gospel accounts of the Resurrection?

Our Risen Lord was no longer bound by time and space. He could walk through walls. In the account of the “doubting Thomas” in John 20:19-29, the evangelist recounts that “the doors were locked” (stated twice, in fact); and yet Jesus suddenly appeared to them.

In the story of the two men on the way to Emmaus in Luke 24:1-53, we learn other aspects about our Risen Lord. We know that the tomb was empty and his body rose and changed (24:12). His body changed because when Jesus appeared to the two men on the road to Emmaus, he was not readily recognizable (24:32), and yet he could be seen and touched, and he ate bread and fish.  We also know that he was recognized when he started to talk about the Scriptures and when they broke bread (24:35), and that this encounter with him brought about much excitement and joy (24:33 and 41).

I’m afraid that is as much as we can know about Jesus Resurrected presence. (The disciples did not have a video camera then, so they could not be any more helpful).  But one thing we do know, Jesus was not just resuscitated; he was transformed to a glorious presence.

The closest analogy I can think of is that of a caterpillar that is transformed to a butterfly. It dies as a caterpillar and transforms to something totally new.

The Resurrection and the Presence of Jesus in the Eucharist

During the consecration, we believe that the bread and wine changes into the “body and blood” of Christ, but NOT his physical body/blood but to his glorified, resurrected, and spiritually risen body/blood.

Implications of the Resurrection in our Daily Life

We believe that Jesus (in his glorified, Resurrected and spiritual presence) is everywhere. Jesus is present when “two or three are gathered in his name,” when we perform works of mercy, when we preach the Word of God, and most effectively, when we celebrate the Eucharist.

We become intimately united with him when we receive him in communion. Christ is in us. We know we will share in this glorified, Resurrected and spiritual presence one day.

But we need not wait until that day. We live the way we live because Jesus himself is already in us.

How Can We Prove the Resurrection?

Simply, we prove that Jesus is risen and present by making others FEEL that Jesus is risen and present.  For example, imagine yourself encountering a person in abject poverty and preaching to him that Jesus is risen.  Imagine that same person telling you, "Prove it."  You could prove, or disprove, Jesus presence by what you would do next for that person.

Sources:
- Catechism for Filipino Catholics (CFC)
- Catechism of the Catholic Church
- Patambang, Myra A., Salibay, Esteban T., Jr., and Valera, Felinore Angelica H. Sacraments, Marriage And Family Life. Manila: Navotas Press, 2001

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John 20:1-9

On the first day of the week, Mary of Magdala came to the tomb early in the morning, while it was still dark, and saw the stone removed from the tomb. So she ran and went to Simon Peter and to the other disciple whom Jesus loved, and told them, “They have taken the Lord from the tomb, and we don’t know where they put him.”

So Peter and the other disciple went out and came to the tomb. They both ran, but the other disciple ran faster than Peter and arrived at the tomb first. He bent down and saw the burial cloths there, but did not go in. When Simon Peter arrived after him, he went into the tomb and saw the burial cloths there, and the cloth that had covered his head, not with the burial cloths but rolled up in a separate place. Then the other disciple, who had arrived at the tomb first, also went in. He saw and believed. For they did not yet understand the Scripture that Jesus had to rise from the dead.

What Happened on Black Saturday?

The question is a good one. We have almost reduced the major days in Holy Week to two days: Good Friday and Easter Sunday. Holy Saturday is treated like a “break” from all the church liturgy, at least until the Easter Vigil.

So where was Jesus during Black Saturday?  Was he just in the tomb?  In answering this question, let us be careful that we do not treat the death and Resurrection of Jesus in terms of human time and space.  The Resurrection did not occur during a particular time, say, for example, on the midnight of Sunday.  It is also difficult to talk about where exactly Jesus went when he died.

We know that Jesus died and Resurrected. What happened in between is referred to, in our Creed, as Jesus having “descended to the dead.” (Also referred to as “descended to hell” because those who are there are deprived of the vision of God. CCC, 633).

“Descended to the dead” means:

- Jesus, like all human beings, experienced death. He did not just pretend to die!

- Jesus’ act of salvation applies to all, even to those who died before him. Salvation is “not limited by time and space.”*

We are inspired that Jesus resurrected. Equally inspiring is that Jesus actually died. At a moment in human history, there is an event when Jesus (who is God) died -- just like all of us! Isn’t that also astonishing?

But Jesus, the God-human, died for a purpose: to be one with ALL humankind by “joining the others in the realm of the dead.”** 

In doing so, Jesus includes all humankind of all time and of all places in proclaiming the good news: I have come to bring you ALL back to the Father.  To conquer death, Jesus had to actually die -- and then resurrected.

This is the wonderful significance of Holy Saturday. God’s love indeed knows no bounds.

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Sources:

*CFC, 592 and CCC, 634-635
**CCC, 632

CFC is the Catechism for Filipino Catholics and CCC is the Catechism of the Catholic Church.